Visual Information Encryption by D-H Key Agreement

Visual Information Encryption by D-H Key Agreement Visual Information Encryption by D-H Key Agreement and Visual Cryptography Abstract Visual cryptography provides secured digital transmission which is used only for one time. In order to make visual cryptography reusable Diffie and Hellman (D-H) key is used. The original images can be reuse by using this scheme. It is effortless and uncomplicated technique to execute the secret image for shadow images. The shadow images are the shrunken version of the original image, in which the secret image share is embedded. These are used to guard the data and secret images in the internet so that it is not accessed by any unauthorized persons. Visual cryptography divides the image into secret shadow images. After this these shadow images are distributed in the original image. Recovering of secret image is done by human visual system by piling all the shadow images. As this Visual cryptography is used only once D-H key agreement was used to make it reusable by using D-H key scheme in it. Objectives: Provision of security for hidden images Reusing of the original image is possible by this technology Images should be visible only to human visual system Literature Review In this project a visual cryptography scheme is used for encrypting the information. Visual cryptography is an encryption method which is used to hide the information in an image, decrypted can be done by human visual system. By using only this scheme the reusing is not possible. The image which is recovered after decryption will not be same as original image so it cannot be reused. For the reuse of the visual cryptography Diffie and Hellman (D-H) key agreement method and Toral Automorphism (TA) can be used. In this both secret and symmetry-key representation can be used (Chao-Wen Chan and Yi-Da Wu, 2008). Visual cryptography is the scheme which facilities the secret sharing of the pictures or data. The pixels of the pictures or data that need to be transmitted secretly will be treated as an individual secret which can be shared using a secret sharing scheme. The picture is first split into two or more shared images the secret data are embedded. At the decryption side images are join ed on the transparent paper to get the secret picture or data. This is the way in which the first visual cryptography was started (Borivoje Furht, Edin Muharemagic and Daniel Socek, 2005). Using current methods the Visual cryptography scheme will allow the encoding of the secret image into shares; this is done in the form of transparencies. These shares are distributed to the participants, such that only the qualified subsets of participants can recover the secret image visually. This is done by superimposing the share images one over the other which are obtained from the original image (Carlo Blundo and Stelvio Cimato, 2005). In this scheme the devices are used for encoding of secret information and the decoding is done with human vision directly. For encoding, the visual cryptography will cryptographically encode the binary secret data into shares of the pattern which will be random. Then the shares are copied on to the transparencies with the same number of transparencies as shar es. The transparencies are distributed among the participants, one for each participant. The decoding of the data or picture is done only when all of the participants superimpose their transparencies (Alan Conrad Bovik, 2005). The importance of this scheme is that there is no need for data expansion. The resolution of the data will not be lost by using this scheme. By using this scheme the image will be secure against the most important cryptanalytic attacks. The computation complexity will be less since it involves only XOR operations. By using XOR operations the share images are combined to form the encrypted images. The authentication of the image will be based on the global visual effect, so local defects due to noise will not affect the final result. The most important aspect of this scheme is that the decoding of the secret data or image can be done with human vision without any decoding equipment (Kiyoharu Aizawa, Yuichi Nakamura and Shinichi Satoh, 2004). The previous techno logies that came into existing before visual cryptography are two-out-of two visual threshold schemes, two-out-of-n visual-threshold scheme. In a two-out-of two visual threshold scheme the secret can be any type of data (Abhishek Parakh and Subhash Kak, 2006, p.1). For an image comprising of white and black pixels, this image can be encoded as a binary string. In this scheme the 0 will represent a white pixel and 1 represents a black pixel and the result will be sent in two shares. The security problem by this is having only 50 percent of resolution will be obtained because the image is divided into only two shares and if the new shares of data are found the image can be decrypted very easily. A two-out-of-n visual-threshold scheme is more secure when compared with the first. In this scheme also the pixels are divided into two, but the shares will be n. By this the security will increase. When compared with the D-H key agreement the resolution of these schemes will be less and secur ity will also be less (Doug Stinson, 1999). The D-H key agreement is used to make possible the reuse of visual cryptography. The Diffie-Hellman key agreement used an interface known as D-H key interface. This interface is used for password based Encryption. These interfaces typically can be used by the programmer who is implementing a Cryptographic provider or who wants to implement a cryptography algorithm (David Flanagan, 2005). Diffie- Hellman Key agreement is also known as exponential key exchange. This key provides the solution to the key distribution problems, allowing two parties, never having met in advance to share key material for establishing a shared secret by exchanging messages over an open channel. This is a fundamental technique providing unauthenticated key agreement. The main goal of an authenticated Key establishment protocol is to distribute key of data. The established key should have precisely the same attributes as a key established face to face, it should be distributed uniformly at random from the key space, and an unauthorized entity will not be able to learn anything about the key (Alfred J.Menezes, Paul C. Van Oorschot, and Scott A. Vanstone, 1997). D-H key agreement protocols involve the derivation of the shared secret information based on compatible D-H keys between the sender and recipient. The information is then converted into the cryptographic keying material for other algorithms. A variation of the Diffie-Hellman is used for converting the shared secret data into an arbitrary amount of keying materials (Manuel Mogollon, 2008). According to Michael Baake and John A G Roberts (2001, p.1) Toral Automorphisms will be represented by the uni-modular integer matrices, are investigated with the help of symmetries and also reversing symmetries group of matrices with a simple spectrum through their connection with unit groups in orders of algebraic number fields. The reversibility will derive the necessary conditions in terms of the distinctive polynomial and the polynomial invar iants. This shows that the Voiculescu- Brown entropy of the non-commutative toral automorphism arising from a matrix S in is at least half the value of the topological entropy of the corresponding classical toral automorphism. This is a new method used to prove the position limit laws in the theory of dynamical systems, which is based on the Chen-Stein method combined with the analysis of the homo clinic Laplace operator and some other homo clinic considerations (Massimo Franceschetti and Ronald Meester, 2002, p.2). The main use of this is to generate a disorder in the arrangement of digital images. The equation (1) define the two dimensional matrix. The new technology that can be used for the visual cryptography is adaptive order dithering technique. By using this technique the decrypted image size can be reduced and also the quality of decryption image can be improved. In this technique the technique will get adaptive to the data that is used (Nagaraj V. Dharwadkar, B.B. Amberker and Sushil Raj Joshi, 2009). From the above context it can be understood that visual cryptography is a scheme in which the secret data can be transmitted without getting decoded by others. Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1. Overview Visual Information system significantly enlarges the applications scope of information systems and typically deals with the general purpose multimedia operating system that is supported by multimedia hardware and high bandwidth network. Visual information system involves variety of facilities for efficient visual information presentation and visualization. This system actually provides inter related visual and multimedia information to support the operations, management and decision making functions in an organization. These are text oriented which provides reports, decision-making information and documents for all levels of hierarchy in the organization. With the increase in multimedia platforms, visual information has become more available (Clement H. C. Leung, 1997). In recent years, there has been a rapid growth of information technology for human to communication on the Internet. Since Internet is public, with the advancement of information technology, communication through inte rnet has increased rapidly. As internet can be accessed by everyone and anyone can easily access the information and transmit it without any protection there is possibility of grabbing the information as it became secondary data. So in order to avoid hacking of sensitive information, it should be encrypted before transmission. In order to protect the information Diffie and Helman (D-H) proposed a key agreement scheme that is implemented when two parties agree on a common session key. This key agreement also helps in improving the reusable process. This method is used to compute a common image for encryption and decryption with two parties (Chao-Wen Chan and Yi-Da Wu, 2008). The D-H algorithm does not encrypt data or make a digital signature. This is exclusively used for the generation of shred secrets. The DH key agreement can be split into three parts; they are parameter generation that generates non secret public value and is expensive process, next is phase1generatres two key exc hange values for the parties and phase2 is the originator and recipient that computes the functions in the given image (Blake Dournaee, 2002). DH key agreement has a nice property that it is not sensitive to off-line attacks but it is sensitive to man-in-the-middle attacks (Christian Gehmann, Joakim Persson and Ben Smeets, 2004). In Diffie and Hellman (D-H) key agreement method both the secret and symmetry key are represented in binary image. It is simple and easy to be implemented especially for shadow images. Thus, it can be applied in many electronic business applications. There after Naor and Shamir proposed a methodology named visual secret sharing that provides secrecy to the information and avoids illegal activities; this process is called as Visual Cryptography. This process provides secrecy by partitioning the secret digital image into several shadow images that are recovered by the human visual system by piling all those images together (Jeng-Shyang Pan, Hsiang-Cheh Huang and L. C. Jain, 2004). Hence it can be stated that in order to safeguard the images visual cryptography and DH key agreement are used where the images are split into shadow images and sent which then will be combines and viewed by the human visual system. It is secured by encryption and decryption of images with a key to be presented. Visual cryptography is seen as a one time pad system that cannot be reused, in further sections of the study the implementation of Diffie and Hellman (D-H) key agreement method is researched in detail so that visual cryptography can be reused. 1.2. Aims and Objectives Aim: To research on visual information encryption by D-H Key agreement and visual Cryptography Objectives: Provision of security for hidden images Reusing of the technology again and again Images should be visible only to human visual system 1.3. Purpose of Study The main purpose of studying the Visual Encryption is to provide a unified overview of techniques for the encryption of the image and video data, ranging from commercial applications like DVD or DVB to more research oriented topic and recently published material. To serve this purpose of Visual Encryption has the different techniques of a unified viewpoint, it provide an extensive use of Visual Encryption. Digital visual data is usually organized in a rectangular arrays denoted as frames, the elements of these array are denoted as pixels. Each pixel is a numerical value specifies the intensity of the pixels (Andreas Uhl and Andreas Pommer, 2005). In the latest year, there has been a rapid growth of the information technology for the human to communication on the Internet. As Internet has become the open public, anyone can easily read information and perform the successful transmission of the information without protection. In order to provide the proper security to the information, V isual Information Encryption by D-H Key study is necessary (chao-Wen and Yi-Da Wu, 2008). Visual Information Encryption provides the secure connection and protects data from unexpected modification by hackers or other outsiders. In D-H key encryption a common password is required for all the attendees to participate in the same conference, which gives more security to the information (Encryption, 2008). Visual information Encryption provides the Encryption formats as a standard function. Thus, the main purpose of the study is to implement a visual secret sharing scheme through visual cryptography in order to avoid sensitive information being illegally read or modified because the observations made from the recent electronic business applications on the Internet reveal that the amount of data exchanged is small and the exchanged data requires secrecy. 1.4. Research Context With the rapid increase in visual information, the digital and video encryption approaches are widely studied upon various resources like visual net meetings. This application mostly requires ultra high security to keep the images and video dat confidential among users; nobody can retrieve the content without a key for decryption. Thus, from this point of view image encryption is considered as a basis for visual encryption. Visual Cryptography is a topic that finds its way into every nook and cranny of the networking world. Everyone has their own ideas of how it should work and their own understanding of how it does work. The problem with the encryption is that there are several different types, and these type works in several different ways. And most companies want encryption, they dont necessarily know what type of encryption they want, and what the difference are between the types. Here this is designed to give a good overview of the current encryption technology (Eric Quinn, 2009 ). The visual cryptography is mainly used in maintaining images secretly for not to be accessed by the unauthorized persons. By using this technology the images can be visual by the user but it cannot be accessed by unauthorized persons. As there is increasing growth in the computer networks and in distributed a computing application visual cryptography plays an important role in providing security (visual cryptography, 2009). In binary images scheme the visual cryptography helps in maintaining the secrecy for not providing authorization to intruders. The visual cryptography provides an infinite computation power that messages cannot be identified. This visual cryptography is in identification of bank customers, verification of electronic voting and anti spam bot measures for maintaining the secrecy to avoid intruders Visual cryptography provides a way for secretly maintaining the information and data. Visual cryptography is used in many applications for maintaining data secretly fo r not be authorized by the intruders (Nagaraj V. Dharwadhakar, Amberker and susil Raj Joshi, 2009). This system actually supplies inter related visual and multimedia information to support the operations, management and decision making functions in an organization. This process provides confidentiality by dividing the secret digital image into several images that are healthier by the human visual system by those images together. Visual cryptography strategy is suggested to combine the key agreement scheme with a shadow image without building a secure connection. Thus, visual cryptology uses public key algorithm for having maintain secretly (Kiyoharu Aizawa, Yuichi nakamura and shinichi satoh, 2004). Many organizations are using this methodology for not having interruptions in data. Visual cryptography uses different encryption and decryption techniques and many authentications for not be accessed by unauthorized persons and maintains secrecy. In this research D-H key algorithm is us ed for having secrecy and privacy can be maintained. By implementation of new encryption schemes provides secrecy in an effective manner. 1.5. Research Method Qualitative approach is appropriate for this research method. Qualitative Research Practice starts with the premise that one can improve their research skills by seeing what researchers actually do in particular projects and by adding their actions and plans into their own research practice. It actually demonstrates the benefits of using practical methods from real-life knowledge and will be necessary reading for anyone interested in the process of doing social research (Clive Seale, 2004). It is a field of inquiry that explains discipline and subject matters. It is called as ethnographic research. It involves collection of narrative data in a natural setting in order to gain insights into phenomenon of interest. This research studies many variables over an extensive period of time to find out the way things are, how and why they came to be that way and what it all means. Qualitative researchers do not want to interfere or control anything. The most common method of data collection i nvolves participant observation (Michael Huberman Matthew and Miles, 2002). Qualitative analysis offers a cluster of very useful procedures like guidelines, techniques etc. It actually refers to the educational issues and the understanding of learning and cognition (Pamela S. Maykut and Richard Morehouse, 1994). Hence, it can be said that the secondary data is preferred for this research while searching the related information to it as the other approaches cannot provide a better data to the research. Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1. Overview Visual Cryptography is a particular encryption method used to hide information in images in such a way that it can be decrypted by the human visual system if the correct key image is applied. This method was suggested by Naor and Shamir in 1994. Visual Cryptography applies two transparent images. One image consist random pixels and the other image consist of the secret information. In visual cryptography it is not possible to recollect the secret information from one of the images. Both transparent images and layers are involved to reveal the information (Kiyoharu Aizawa, yuichi Nakamura and shichi satoh, 2004). The simplest method to implement Visual Cryptography is to bring out the two layers against a transparent sheet. When the random image contains genuinely random pixels then it can be seen as a onetime pad system and will offer infrangibly encryption. In visual cryptography pixel is divided into white and black blocks. In this chapter, importance of visual cryptography is disc ussed and a New Visual information Encryption Scheme is proposed followed by the explanation of Security analysis on images with the previous technologies. 2.2. Visual Cryptography Visual Cryptography refers to a secret sharing method that will encrypt the secret message into a number of shares and does not require any computer or calculations for decrypting the secret image rather the secret message will be reconstructed visually by overlaying the encrypted shares the secret image will become clearly visible. Visual cryptography scheme on a set P of n participants can be defined as a method of encoding the secret image into n shares so that the original image will be obtained by stacking specific combination of shares onto each other. Visual cryptography technique was initiated by the Naor and Shamiri at Eurocrypt 94. It is a process used for separating one image into various shares. Visual cryptography solutions functions on binary inputs. Visual cryptography is a special technique used to hide information in images in such a way that it can be decrypted by the human vision when the correct image is used. It uses two images one image contains secret informati on, in visual cryptography it is not possible to retrieve the secret information from one of the images, both transparent images are required to reveal the information. To print two layers into the transparent sheet is the simplest way to implement Visual cryptography (jeng shying pan, Hsiang cheh Huang and L. C. Jain, 2004). If the random image contains random pixel then it can be seen as a onetime pad system and will offer unbreakable encryption. These two layers slide over each other until they are correctly aligned where the hidden information appears. This type of visual cryptography which restores the image by stacking some significant images together is known as extended visual cryptography. Generally, visual cryptography suffers from the deterioration of image quality. The basic two cryptography models consists of a secret message encoded into two transparencies, one transparency representing the cipher text and the other acting as a secret key. Both transparencies appear to random dots when inspected individually and does not provide any information about the original clear text. By carefully aligning the transparencies the original message is reproduced (Borivoje Furht, Edin Muharemagic and Daniel socek, 2005). The original decoding is accomplished by the human visual system. Visual cryptography scheme is a visual secret sharing problem in which the secret message is viewed only in black and white pixels. Each pixel in the original image is represented by at least one sub pixel in each of the n transparencies or shares generated. Each share is comprised of collection of m black and white sub pixels where each collection represents a particular original pixel. The contrast of Visual Cryptography Scheme is the difference between the minimum number of black sub pixels in a reconstructed (secret) black pixel and the maximum number of black sub pixels in a reconstructed (secret) white pixel (Kiyoharu Aizawa, Yuchi Nakamura and Shinichi Satoh, 2004). The m ain instantiation of visual cryptographic realizes a cryptographic protocol called secret sharing. The important thing in secret sharing is it relies on a human visual system to perform the decryption. In a conventional secret sharing a secret shared among n participants can pull their shares and recover the secret but the subsets of the forbidden can obtain no information about that. Visual secret sharing schemes inherits all applications of conventional secret sharing schemes most notably access control. An example of the encoding of white and black pixels in a 2 out of 2 scheme can be seen in Figure 1. Here two shares out of the two generated would be needed to recover the original image. Since only two shares are generated, n = 2. White box represents a single white or black pixel in the original image. Sub pixel assignments that would be given to shares #1 and #2 respectively. The number of sub pixels per share used to represent the original pixel is four Finally, the overall visual effect when shares #1 and #2 are correctly aligned on top of one another. Notice that when the shares in this example are combined the original black pixel is viewed as black; however, the original white pixel takes on a grey scale. The structure obtained from either white or black pixel representation can be described by an n. Similar to the area of the secret sharing, more generally structures have been studied in the visual cryptography. The basic model of the visual cryptography consists of a sever al umber of transparency sheets. On each transparency a cipher text is printed which is identical from random noise. The hidden message is reconstructed by stacking a certain number of the transparencies and viewing them. The system can be used by anyone without any knowledge of cryptography and without performing any cryptographic computations. Naor and Shamir have developed the Visual Secret Sharing Scheme (VSSS) to implement this model [Naor95] (Mizuho Nakajima and Yasushi Yamaguchi, 2002). Thus, from the above discursion it can be stated that Visual cryptography is a special technique used to hide information in images in such a way that it can be decrypted by the human vision when the correct image is used. It is a simple and clear scheme that can partition the secret image into a number of shadow images and the dealers can distribute these shadow images to participants. The Visual cryptography scheme makes use of human visual system for recovering secret images by staking vari ous shadow images. 2.3. Importance of Visual Cryptography Visual Information system importantly elaborates the diligences scope of information systems and deals with the multimedia operating system which is supported by multimedia hardware and high bandwidth network. These are text oriented which provides reports, decision-making information and documents for all levels of hierarchy in the organization (Carlo Blundo and Stelvio, 2005). With the increase in multimedia platforms, visual information has become more available with the advancement of information technology; contact through internet has increased rapidly. Visual information system requires many kinds of facilities for effective visual information presentation and visualization. This system actually supplies inter related visual and multimedia information to support the operations, management and decision making functions in an organization. As internet can be accessed by everyone and anyone can easily access the information and transmit it without any protection there is possibil ity of grabbing the information as it became secondary data. So in order to avoid hacking of sensitive information, it should be encrypted before transmission (Yongfei Han, 1997). In order to protect the information Diffie and Helman (D-H) proposed a key agreement scheme that is implemented when two parties agree on a common session key. This key agreement also helps in improving the reusable process. This technique is utilized to calculate a common image for encryption and decryption with two parties. The D-H algorithm does not encrypt data or make a digital signature. This is exclusively used for the generation of shred secrets. The DH key agreement can be split into three parts; they are parameter generation that generates non secret public value and is expensive process, next is phase1generatres two key exchange values for the parties and phase2 is the originator and recipient that computes the functions in the given image. DH key agreement has a nice property that it is not sen sitive to off-line attacks but it is sensitive to man-in-the-middle attacks. There after Naor and Shamir proposed a methodology named visual secret sharing that provides secrecy to the information and avoids illegal activities (Jeng-Shyang Pan, Hsiang-Cheh Huang and L. C. Jain, 2004). This process is called as Visual Cryptography. This process provides secrecy by partitioning the secret digital image into several shadow images that are recovered by the human visual system by piling all those images together. It is secured technique where the data cannot be traced by others. In classic secret sharing, algorithms for splitting and sharing secret information are a stem of cryptography. In the most general case, their objective is to generate such parts for the data and that could be shared by multiple authorized persons. This problem of splitting information in a manner allowing its reconstruction by a certain n-person group interested in the reconstruction of the split information. Al gorithm solutions developed to achieve this objective and at the same time none of the groups of participants in such a protocol, whose number is lesser than the required m persons. It leads to opposing to read the split message. The algorithms for dividing information make it possible to split it into chunks known as shadows that are later distributed among the participants of the protocol. So that the shares of certain subsets of users collective together and these are capable of reconstructing the original information. There are two groups of algorithms for dividing information, namely, secret splitting and secret sharing. In the first technique, information is distributed among the participants of the protocol, and all the participants are required to put together their parts to have it reconstructed. A more universal method of splitting information is the latter method, i.e. secret sharing (Marek R. Ogiela and Urszula Ogiela, 2009). Thus, from the above discursion it can be sta ted that visual cryptography plays a vital role in securing the data and also in sharing the secret message as the data transferred through internet has been increased. rapidly. Advantages of visual cryptography Visual cryptography is simple to be implemented. Encryption incase of visual cryptography does not require any hard problem dependency. Specifically decryption algorithms are not required because a person aware of cryptography can easily decrypt the message. Cipher text can be Fax or e-mail in case of visual cryptography 2.4. Security analysis on images with the previous technologies The security analysis is the major aspect of the encryption. Analysis to the field of security will encounter the serious obstacle that deal is by nature not an exact science. The previous technologies which where there before the D-H key agreement encryption are manual encryption, transparent encryption, symmetric encryption and asymmetric encryption (Fedora Documentation Project, 2009). Visual cryptography can be seen as a one-time pad system. Then, it cannot be reused. Diffie and Hellman (D-H) key agreement method and Toral Automorphism (TA) such that visual cryptography can be reused. Both secret and symmetry-key are represented in binary image. The proposed scheme is simple and easy to be implemented for shadow images. Therefore, it can be used in many electronic business applications (Chao-Wen Chan and Yi-Da Wu, 2008). The Manual Encryption is a technique that will involve the use of encryption software. In this computer programs are used for encrypt various bits of information digitally. In this technique the encryption key is provided later in the process. The main security issues are the potential leakage through security insensible program and also the bad implementation may lead to re-encrypt with same key for same password (Bruice Schneier, 2007). Transparent Encryption is another type of computer software encryption. In this technique the data can be downloaded onto a computer to encrypt automatically. Every executable application and file created in the computer has an encrypted copy that can withstand power surges and protects information in case a computer is stolen. The security issues is the data which is automatically encrypted can be taken if the key provided is known (Cetin K. Koc, David Naccache and Christof Paar, 2001). The Symmetric Encryption is in which a letter or number coincides with another letter or number in the encryption code. This technique is commonly referred to as secret-key encryption. In this only single key is used for e ncrypting an Visual Information Encryption by D-H Key Agreement Visual Information Encryption by D-H Key Agreement Visual Information Encryption by D-H Key Agreement and Visual Cryptography Abstract Visual cryptography provides secured digital transmission which is used only for one time. In order to make visual cryptography reusable Diffie and Hellman (D-H) key is used. The original images can be reuse by using this scheme. It is effortless and uncomplicated technique to execute the secret image for shadow images. The shadow images are the shrunken version of the original image, in which the secret image share is embedded. These are used to guard the data and secret images in the internet so that it is not accessed by any unauthorized persons. Visual cryptography divides the image into secret shadow images. After this these shadow images are distributed in the original image. Recovering of secret image is done by human visual system by piling all the shadow images. As this Visual cryptography is used only once D-H key agreement was used to make it reusable by using D-H key scheme in it. Objectives: Provision of security for hidden images Reusing of the original image is possible by this technology Images should be visible only to human visual system Literature Review In this project a visual cryptography scheme is used for encrypting the information. Visual cryptography is an encryption method which is used to hide the information in an image, decrypted can be done by human visual system. By using only this scheme the reusing is not possible. The image which is recovered after decryption will not be same as original image so it cannot be reused. For the reuse of the visual cryptography Diffie and Hellman (D-H) key agreement method and Toral Automorphism (TA) can be used. In this both secret and symmetry-key representation can be used (Chao-Wen Chan and Yi-Da Wu, 2008). Visual cryptography is the scheme which facilities the secret sharing of the pictures or data. The pixels of the pictures or data that need to be transmitted secretly will be treated as an individual secret which can be shared using a secret sharing scheme. The picture is first split into two or more shared images the secret data are embedded. At the decryption side images are join ed on the transparent paper to get the secret picture or data. This is the way in which the first visual cryptography was started (Borivoje Furht, Edin Muharemagic and Daniel Socek, 2005). Using current methods the Visual cryptography scheme will allow the encoding of the secret image into shares; this is done in the form of transparencies. These shares are distributed to the participants, such that only the qualified subsets of participants can recover the secret image visually. This is done by superimposing the share images one over the other which are obtained from the original image (Carlo Blundo and Stelvio Cimato, 2005). In this scheme the devices are used for encoding of secret information and the decoding is done with human vision directly. For encoding, the visual cryptography will cryptographically encode the binary secret data into shares of the pattern which will be random. Then the shares are copied on to the transparencies with the same number of transparencies as shar es. The transparencies are distributed among the participants, one for each participant. The decoding of the data or picture is done only when all of the participants superimpose their transparencies (Alan Conrad Bovik, 2005). The importance of this scheme is that there is no need for data expansion. The resolution of the data will not be lost by using this scheme. By using this scheme the image will be secure against the most important cryptanalytic attacks. The computation complexity will be less since it involves only XOR operations. By using XOR operations the share images are combined to form the encrypted images. The authentication of the image will be based on the global visual effect, so local defects due to noise will not affect the final result. The most important aspect of this scheme is that the decoding of the secret data or image can be done with human vision without any decoding equipment (Kiyoharu Aizawa, Yuichi Nakamura and Shinichi Satoh, 2004). The previous techno logies that came into existing before visual cryptography are two-out-of two visual threshold schemes, two-out-of-n visual-threshold scheme. In a two-out-of two visual threshold scheme the secret can be any type of data (Abhishek Parakh and Subhash Kak, 2006, p.1). For an image comprising of white and black pixels, this image can be encoded as a binary string. In this scheme the 0 will represent a white pixel and 1 represents a black pixel and the result will be sent in two shares. The security problem by this is having only 50 percent of resolution will be obtained because the image is divided into only two shares and if the new shares of data are found the image can be decrypted very easily. A two-out-of-n visual-threshold scheme is more secure when compared with the first. In this scheme also the pixels are divided into two, but the shares will be n. By this the security will increase. When compared with the D-H key agreement the resolution of these schemes will be less and secur ity will also be less (Doug Stinson, 1999). The D-H key agreement is used to make possible the reuse of visual cryptography. The Diffie-Hellman key agreement used an interface known as D-H key interface. This interface is used for password based Encryption. These interfaces typically can be used by the programmer who is implementing a Cryptographic provider or who wants to implement a cryptography algorithm (David Flanagan, 2005). Diffie- Hellman Key agreement is also known as exponential key exchange. This key provides the solution to the key distribution problems, allowing two parties, never having met in advance to share key material for establishing a shared secret by exchanging messages over an open channel. This is a fundamental technique providing unauthenticated key agreement. The main goal of an authenticated Key establishment protocol is to distribute key of data. The established key should have precisely the same attributes as a key established face to face, it should be distributed uniformly at random from the key space, and an unauthorized entity will not be able to learn anything about the key (Alfred J.Menezes, Paul C. Van Oorschot, and Scott A. Vanstone, 1997). D-H key agreement protocols involve the derivation of the shared secret information based on compatible D-H keys between the sender and recipient. The information is then converted into the cryptographic keying material for other algorithms. A variation of the Diffie-Hellman is used for converting the shared secret data into an arbitrary amount of keying materials (Manuel Mogollon, 2008). According to Michael Baake and John A G Roberts (2001, p.1) Toral Automorphisms will be represented by the uni-modular integer matrices, are investigated with the help of symmetries and also reversing symmetries group of matrices with a simple spectrum through their connection with unit groups in orders of algebraic number fields. The reversibility will derive the necessary conditions in terms of the distinctive polynomial and the polynomial invar iants. This shows that the Voiculescu- Brown entropy of the non-commutative toral automorphism arising from a matrix S in is at least half the value of the topological entropy of the corresponding classical toral automorphism. This is a new method used to prove the position limit laws in the theory of dynamical systems, which is based on the Chen-Stein method combined with the analysis of the homo clinic Laplace operator and some other homo clinic considerations (Massimo Franceschetti and Ronald Meester, 2002, p.2). The main use of this is to generate a disorder in the arrangement of digital images. The equation (1) define the two dimensional matrix. The new technology that can be used for the visual cryptography is adaptive order dithering technique. By using this technique the decrypted image size can be reduced and also the quality of decryption image can be improved. In this technique the technique will get adaptive to the data that is used (Nagaraj V. Dharwadkar, B.B. Amberker and Sushil Raj Joshi, 2009). From the above context it can be understood that visual cryptography is a scheme in which the secret data can be transmitted without getting decoded by others. Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1. Overview Visual Information system significantly enlarges the applications scope of information systems and typically deals with the general purpose multimedia operating system that is supported by multimedia hardware and high bandwidth network. Visual information system involves variety of facilities for efficient visual information presentation and visualization. This system actually provides inter related visual and multimedia information to support the operations, management and decision making functions in an organization. These are text oriented which provides reports, decision-making information and documents for all levels of hierarchy in the organization. With the increase in multimedia platforms, visual information has become more available (Clement H. C. Leung, 1997). In recent years, there has been a rapid growth of information technology for human to communication on the Internet. Since Internet is public, with the advancement of information technology, communication through inte rnet has increased rapidly. As internet can be accessed by everyone and anyone can easily access the information and transmit it without any protection there is possibility of grabbing the information as it became secondary data. So in order to avoid hacking of sensitive information, it should be encrypted before transmission. In order to protect the information Diffie and Helman (D-H) proposed a key agreement scheme that is implemented when two parties agree on a common session key. This key agreement also helps in improving the reusable process. This method is used to compute a common image for encryption and decryption with two parties (Chao-Wen Chan and Yi-Da Wu, 2008). The D-H algorithm does not encrypt data or make a digital signature. This is exclusively used for the generation of shred secrets. The DH key agreement can be split into three parts; they are parameter generation that generates non secret public value and is expensive process, next is phase1generatres two key exc hange values for the parties and phase2 is the originator and recipient that computes the functions in the given image (Blake Dournaee, 2002). DH key agreement has a nice property that it is not sensitive to off-line attacks but it is sensitive to man-in-the-middle attacks (Christian Gehmann, Joakim Persson and Ben Smeets, 2004). In Diffie and Hellman (D-H) key agreement method both the secret and symmetry key are represented in binary image. It is simple and easy to be implemented especially for shadow images. Thus, it can be applied in many electronic business applications. There after Naor and Shamir proposed a methodology named visual secret sharing that provides secrecy to the information and avoids illegal activities; this process is called as Visual Cryptography. This process provides secrecy by partitioning the secret digital image into several shadow images that are recovered by the human visual system by piling all those images together (Jeng-Shyang Pan, Hsiang-Cheh Huang and L. C. Jain, 2004). Hence it can be stated that in order to safeguard the images visual cryptography and DH key agreement are used where the images are split into shadow images and sent which then will be combines and viewed by the human visual system. It is secured by encryption and decryption of images with a key to be presented. Visual cryptography is seen as a one time pad system that cannot be reused, in further sections of the study the implementation of Diffie and Hellman (D-H) key agreement method is researched in detail so that visual cryptography can be reused. 1.2. Aims and Objectives Aim: To research on visual information encryption by D-H Key agreement and visual Cryptography Objectives: Provision of security for hidden images Reusing of the technology again and again Images should be visible only to human visual system 1.3. Purpose of Study The main purpose of studying the Visual Encryption is to provide a unified overview of techniques for the encryption of the image and video data, ranging from commercial applications like DVD or DVB to more research oriented topic and recently published material. To serve this purpose of Visual Encryption has the different techniques of a unified viewpoint, it provide an extensive use of Visual Encryption. Digital visual data is usually organized in a rectangular arrays denoted as frames, the elements of these array are denoted as pixels. Each pixel is a numerical value specifies the intensity of the pixels (Andreas Uhl and Andreas Pommer, 2005). In the latest year, there has been a rapid growth of the information technology for the human to communication on the Internet. As Internet has become the open public, anyone can easily read information and perform the successful transmission of the information without protection. In order to provide the proper security to the information, V isual Information Encryption by D-H Key study is necessary (chao-Wen and Yi-Da Wu, 2008). Visual Information Encryption provides the secure connection and protects data from unexpected modification by hackers or other outsiders. In D-H key encryption a common password is required for all the attendees to participate in the same conference, which gives more security to the information (Encryption, 2008). Visual information Encryption provides the Encryption formats as a standard function. Thus, the main purpose of the study is to implement a visual secret sharing scheme through visual cryptography in order to avoid sensitive information being illegally read or modified because the observations made from the recent electronic business applications on the Internet reveal that the amount of data exchanged is small and the exchanged data requires secrecy. 1.4. Research Context With the rapid increase in visual information, the digital and video encryption approaches are widely studied upon various resources like visual net meetings. This application mostly requires ultra high security to keep the images and video dat confidential among users; nobody can retrieve the content without a key for decryption. Thus, from this point of view image encryption is considered as a basis for visual encryption. Visual Cryptography is a topic that finds its way into every nook and cranny of the networking world. Everyone has their own ideas of how it should work and their own understanding of how it does work. The problem with the encryption is that there are several different types, and these type works in several different ways. And most companies want encryption, they dont necessarily know what type of encryption they want, and what the difference are between the types. Here this is designed to give a good overview of the current encryption technology (Eric Quinn, 2009 ). The visual cryptography is mainly used in maintaining images secretly for not to be accessed by the unauthorized persons. By using this technology the images can be visual by the user but it cannot be accessed by unauthorized persons. As there is increasing growth in the computer networks and in distributed a computing application visual cryptography plays an important role in providing security (visual cryptography, 2009). In binary images scheme the visual cryptography helps in maintaining the secrecy for not providing authorization to intruders. The visual cryptography provides an infinite computation power that messages cannot be identified. This visual cryptography is in identification of bank customers, verification of electronic voting and anti spam bot measures for maintaining the secrecy to avoid intruders Visual cryptography provides a way for secretly maintaining the information and data. Visual cryptography is used in many applications for maintaining data secretly fo r not be authorized by the intruders (Nagaraj V. Dharwadhakar, Amberker and susil Raj Joshi, 2009). This system actually supplies inter related visual and multimedia information to support the operations, management and decision making functions in an organization. This process provides confidentiality by dividing the secret digital image into several images that are healthier by the human visual system by those images together. Visual cryptography strategy is suggested to combine the key agreement scheme with a shadow image without building a secure connection. Thus, visual cryptology uses public key algorithm for having maintain secretly (Kiyoharu Aizawa, Yuichi nakamura and shinichi satoh, 2004). Many organizations are using this methodology for not having interruptions in data. Visual cryptography uses different encryption and decryption techniques and many authentications for not be accessed by unauthorized persons and maintains secrecy. In this research D-H key algorithm is us ed for having secrecy and privacy can be maintained. By implementation of new encryption schemes provides secrecy in an effective manner. 1.5. Research Method Qualitative approach is appropriate for this research method. Qualitative Research Practice starts with the premise that one can improve their research skills by seeing what researchers actually do in particular projects and by adding their actions and plans into their own research practice. It actually demonstrates the benefits of using practical methods from real-life knowledge and will be necessary reading for anyone interested in the process of doing social research (Clive Seale, 2004). It is a field of inquiry that explains discipline and subject matters. It is called as ethnographic research. It involves collection of narrative data in a natural setting in order to gain insights into phenomenon of interest. This research studies many variables over an extensive period of time to find out the way things are, how and why they came to be that way and what it all means. Qualitative researchers do not want to interfere or control anything. The most common method of data collection i nvolves participant observation (Michael Huberman Matthew and Miles, 2002). Qualitative analysis offers a cluster of very useful procedures like guidelines, techniques etc. It actually refers to the educational issues and the understanding of learning and cognition (Pamela S. Maykut and Richard Morehouse, 1994). Hence, it can be said that the secondary data is preferred for this research while searching the related information to it as the other approaches cannot provide a better data to the research. Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1. Overview Visual Cryptography is a particular encryption method used to hide information in images in such a way that it can be decrypted by the human visual system if the correct key image is applied. This method was suggested by Naor and Shamir in 1994. Visual Cryptography applies two transparent images. One image consist random pixels and the other image consist of the secret information. In visual cryptography it is not possible to recollect the secret information from one of the images. Both transparent images and layers are involved to reveal the information (Kiyoharu Aizawa, yuichi Nakamura and shichi satoh, 2004). The simplest method to implement Visual Cryptography is to bring out the two layers against a transparent sheet. When the random image contains genuinely random pixels then it can be seen as a onetime pad system and will offer infrangibly encryption. In visual cryptography pixel is divided into white and black blocks. In this chapter, importance of visual cryptography is disc ussed and a New Visual information Encryption Scheme is proposed followed by the explanation of Security analysis on images with the previous technologies. 2.2. Visual Cryptography Visual Cryptography refers to a secret sharing method that will encrypt the secret message into a number of shares and does not require any computer or calculations for decrypting the secret image rather the secret message will be reconstructed visually by overlaying the encrypted shares the secret image will become clearly visible. Visual cryptography scheme on a set P of n participants can be defined as a method of encoding the secret image into n shares so that the original image will be obtained by stacking specific combination of shares onto each other. Visual cryptography technique was initiated by the Naor and Shamiri at Eurocrypt 94. It is a process used for separating one image into various shares. Visual cryptography solutions functions on binary inputs. Visual cryptography is a special technique used to hide information in images in such a way that it can be decrypted by the human vision when the correct image is used. It uses two images one image contains secret informati on, in visual cryptography it is not possible to retrieve the secret information from one of the images, both transparent images are required to reveal the information. To print two layers into the transparent sheet is the simplest way to implement Visual cryptography (jeng shying pan, Hsiang cheh Huang and L. C. Jain, 2004). If the random image contains random pixel then it can be seen as a onetime pad system and will offer unbreakable encryption. These two layers slide over each other until they are correctly aligned where the hidden information appears. This type of visual cryptography which restores the image by stacking some significant images together is known as extended visual cryptography. Generally, visual cryptography suffers from the deterioration of image quality. The basic two cryptography models consists of a secret message encoded into two transparencies, one transparency representing the cipher text and the other acting as a secret key. Both transparencies appear to random dots when inspected individually and does not provide any information about the original clear text. By carefully aligning the transparencies the original message is reproduced (Borivoje Furht, Edin Muharemagic and Daniel socek, 2005). The original decoding is accomplished by the human visual system. Visual cryptography scheme is a visual secret sharing problem in which the secret message is viewed only in black and white pixels. Each pixel in the original image is represented by at least one sub pixel in each of the n transparencies or shares generated. Each share is comprised of collection of m black and white sub pixels where each collection represents a particular original pixel. The contrast of Visual Cryptography Scheme is the difference between the minimum number of black sub pixels in a reconstructed (secret) black pixel and the maximum number of black sub pixels in a reconstructed (secret) white pixel (Kiyoharu Aizawa, Yuchi Nakamura and Shinichi Satoh, 2004). The m ain instantiation of visual cryptographic realizes a cryptographic protocol called secret sharing. The important thing in secret sharing is it relies on a human visual system to perform the decryption. In a conventional secret sharing a secret shared among n participants can pull their shares and recover the secret but the subsets of the forbidden can obtain no information about that. Visual secret sharing schemes inherits all applications of conventional secret sharing schemes most notably access control. An example of the encoding of white and black pixels in a 2 out of 2 scheme can be seen in Figure 1. Here two shares out of the two generated would be needed to recover the original image. Since only two shares are generated, n = 2. White box represents a single white or black pixel in the original image. Sub pixel assignments that would be given to shares #1 and #2 respectively. The number of sub pixels per share used to represent the original pixel is four Finally, the overall visual effect when shares #1 and #2 are correctly aligned on top of one another. Notice that when the shares in this example are combined the original black pixel is viewed as black; however, the original white pixel takes on a grey scale. The structure obtained from either white or black pixel representation can be described by an n. Similar to the area of the secret sharing, more generally structures have been studied in the visual cryptography. The basic model of the visual cryptography consists of a sever al umber of transparency sheets. On each transparency a cipher text is printed which is identical from random noise. The hidden message is reconstructed by stacking a certain number of the transparencies and viewing them. The system can be used by anyone without any knowledge of cryptography and without performing any cryptographic computations. Naor and Shamir have developed the Visual Secret Sharing Scheme (VSSS) to implement this model [Naor95] (Mizuho Nakajima and Yasushi Yamaguchi, 2002). Thus, from the above discursion it can be stated that Visual cryptography is a special technique used to hide information in images in such a way that it can be decrypted by the human vision when the correct image is used. It is a simple and clear scheme that can partition the secret image into a number of shadow images and the dealers can distribute these shadow images to participants. The Visual cryptography scheme makes use of human visual system for recovering secret images by staking vari ous shadow images. 2.3. Importance of Visual Cryptography Visual Information system importantly elaborates the diligences scope of information systems and deals with the multimedia operating system which is supported by multimedia hardware and high bandwidth network. These are text oriented which provides reports, decision-making information and documents for all levels of hierarchy in the organization (Carlo Blundo and Stelvio, 2005). With the increase in multimedia platforms, visual information has become more available with the advancement of information technology; contact through internet has increased rapidly. Visual information system requires many kinds of facilities for effective visual information presentation and visualization. This system actually supplies inter related visual and multimedia information to support the operations, management and decision making functions in an organization. As internet can be accessed by everyone and anyone can easily access the information and transmit it without any protection there is possibil ity of grabbing the information as it became secondary data. So in order to avoid hacking of sensitive information, it should be encrypted before transmission (Yongfei Han, 1997). In order to protect the information Diffie and Helman (D-H) proposed a key agreement scheme that is implemented when two parties agree on a common session key. This key agreement also helps in improving the reusable process. This technique is utilized to calculate a common image for encryption and decryption with two parties. The D-H algorithm does not encrypt data or make a digital signature. This is exclusively used for the generation of shred secrets. The DH key agreement can be split into three parts; they are parameter generation that generates non secret public value and is expensive process, next is phase1generatres two key exchange values for the parties and phase2 is the originator and recipient that computes the functions in the given image. DH key agreement has a nice property that it is not sen sitive to off-line attacks but it is sensitive to man-in-the-middle attacks. There after Naor and Shamir proposed a methodology named visual secret sharing that provides secrecy to the information and avoids illegal activities (Jeng-Shyang Pan, Hsiang-Cheh Huang and L. C. Jain, 2004). This process is called as Visual Cryptography. This process provides secrecy by partitioning the secret digital image into several shadow images that are recovered by the human visual system by piling all those images together. It is secured technique where the data cannot be traced by others. In classic secret sharing, algorithms for splitting and sharing secret information are a stem of cryptography. In the most general case, their objective is to generate such parts for the data and that could be shared by multiple authorized persons. This problem of splitting information in a manner allowing its reconstruction by a certain n-person group interested in the reconstruction of the split information. Al gorithm solutions developed to achieve this objective and at the same time none of the groups of participants in such a protocol, whose number is lesser than the required m persons. It leads to opposing to read the split message. The algorithms for dividing information make it possible to split it into chunks known as shadows that are later distributed among the participants of the protocol. So that the shares of certain subsets of users collective together and these are capable of reconstructing the original information. There are two groups of algorithms for dividing information, namely, secret splitting and secret sharing. In the first technique, information is distributed among the participants of the protocol, and all the participants are required to put together their parts to have it reconstructed. A more universal method of splitting information is the latter method, i.e. secret sharing (Marek R. Ogiela and Urszula Ogiela, 2009). Thus, from the above discursion it can be sta ted that visual cryptography plays a vital role in securing the data and also in sharing the secret message as the data transferred through internet has been increased. rapidly. Advantages of visual cryptography Visual cryptography is simple to be implemented. Encryption incase of visual cryptography does not require any hard problem dependency. Specifically decryption algorithms are not required because a person aware of cryptography can easily decrypt the message. Cipher text can be Fax or e-mail in case of visual cryptography 2.4. Security analysis on images with the previous technologies The security analysis is the major aspect of the encryption. Analysis to the field of security will encounter the serious obstacle that deal is by nature not an exact science. The previous technologies which where there before the D-H key agreement encryption are manual encryption, transparent encryption, symmetric encryption and asymmetric encryption (Fedora Documentation Project, 2009). Visual cryptography can be seen as a one-time pad system. Then, it cannot be reused. Diffie and Hellman (D-H) key agreement method and Toral Automorphism (TA) such that visual cryptography can be reused. Both secret and symmetry-key are represented in binary image. The proposed scheme is simple and easy to be implemented for shadow images. Therefore, it can be used in many electronic business applications (Chao-Wen Chan and Yi-Da Wu, 2008). The Manual Encryption is a technique that will involve the use of encryption software. In this computer programs are used for encrypt various bits of information digitally. In this technique the encryption key is provided later in the process. The main security issues are the potential leakage through security insensible program and also the bad implementation may lead to re-encrypt with same key for same password (Bruice Schneier, 2007). Transparent Encryption is another type of computer software encryption. In this technique the data can be downloaded onto a computer to encrypt automatically. Every executable application and file created in the computer has an encrypted copy that can withstand power surges and protects information in case a computer is stolen. The security issues is the data which is automatically encrypted can be taken if the key provided is known (Cetin K. Koc, David Naccache and Christof Paar, 2001). The Symmetric Encryption is in which a letter or number coincides with another letter or number in the encryption code. This technique is commonly referred to as secret-key encryption. In this only single key is used for e ncrypting an

Tis Pity Shes A Whore by John Ford Essay -- John Ford Tis Pity Whore

"Tis Pity She's A Whore" by John Ford In this play it would be impossible to accurately assess this idea commenting on Annabella and Giovanni as a single entity. They are extremely different characters with their only common ground being the love they have for each other, and even this is expressed in distinctly different ways with subsequently different consequences. These consequences build up to the conclusion referred to in the question, and so it would also prove hard to answer it directly without having previously discussed what has come before and created such conclusion. At the beginning of the play, I believe that the audience is intended to sympathise with Giovanni. Although his actions are described as 'devilish atheism', this is counterbalanced by his modest language which contrasts greatly to later on in the play. He refers to the Friar as 'Gentle Father' and this humble way of addressing him gives the audience the impression that Giovanni is genuinely asking for help and wants to be 'cured'. Although he argues against much of what the Friar says, his respect for him is obvious as he agrees to take his advice. This may not have carried much weight for the Caroline audience for which this would have been performed, however, as the religion of the English at this time was Protestant, making Catholicism not the favoured denomination. It has even been stated that Ford presented the characters in this play so faulted because of their religious beliefs and nationality, both of which were seen as the enemy. Throughout this scene, Giovanni is attempting to justify his actions and convince the Friar that what he is doing is right, by playing on the religious idea that there is one father, and ... ...how compassion about the consequences of this distorted self-image. (I know I've missed out a bit here, but I think 4 pages is enough and I don't think I could sit here for another  ½ hour.) In conclusion, at the beginning of the play sympathy is possible for both characters. Annabella earns more than this during the course of the play, and is likely to be admired by the audiences from both eras, though would probably have been seem as more promiscuous in the time of writing than would be perceived now. Giovanni on the other hand, through use of apocalyptic figurative language shows a too high opinion of himself and is presented as too self-absorbed to induce anything other than contempt. This is accentuated by the death of Annabella being caused by such traits and highlighted by the irony that she had remained to true to him just to die by his hand.

Ethics in Pharma Marketing Essay

The pharmaceutical market in India today is worth Rs.57206 crores up from Rs. 5000 crores in 1995*. It is one of the fastest growing markets with a growth rate of around 15%. India has a large number of Pharmaceutical companies which operate in an environment of high competition. The competition is even higher in a high generic market like in India where drugs are in fierce price competition. It is estimated that there are around 20,000 pharmaceutical companies* in India, competing for a share of the market, in a poorly regulated environment. To be ahead in the race, pharmaceutical companies are investing highly in marketing and promotion of their drugs. The Consumer International Report 2010, on an average, the Indian Pharmaceutical companies spend almost 30% of their revenue in drug promotion which is one of the highest percentage in the world. Drug promotional strategies are communication strategies through which Pharmaceutical companies convey the benefits of their products and services to their target customers. The World Organization defines promotion of drugs as all information providing and persuasive activities by drug manufacturers and distributors, which influences the prescription, supply, purchase and/or use of medical drugs. In India, the promotion of drugs is fairly pervasive and has become a part of the everyday life of most doctors. Virtually all medical journals contain advertisements of different drugs, doctors are provided unsolicited information on new drugs by the pharmaceutical companies and branded drugs are directly marketed to the consumers. However, many marketing strategies are far more personal; involving provision of gifts to the doctors, sponsoring certain educational or social activities for the physicians and cultivating a close relationship between the company’s Medical Representatives (MRs) and the physicians. This interaction and relations between the Pharmaceutical companies and the doctors has attracted a lot of attention in recent times, mainly because the primary ethical duty of the doctor is to provide patients with the most effective treatment and the pharmaceutical companies with their primary motive of extracting maximum profits through their drug sales influence the prescriber’s decisions by unethical drug promotion. While the Pharmaceutical companies have always been blamed for bribing doctors, the doctor’s perspective of not considering acceptance of gifts as unethical shouldn’t be ignored. However, among the various forms of drug promotion acceptance of gifts by the doctors from the company’s representatives has been a matter of concern as it leads to conflict of interest between the doctors and the patients. Four fundamental principles of medical ethics are as follows, 1) Autonomy To provide informed choice and to respect the patient’s decision. 2) Beneficence To always act in the best interest of the patient 3) Nonmaleficence To always protect the patient from any harm 4) Justice To follow equity in providing healthcare When physicians accept gifts or get influenced by the unethical promotion of drugs, there may be a conflict of interest between their responsibility to provide the most effective and most affordable treatment to their patient and any obligation which they may be facing to prescribe a particular company’s drug. Other activities which are unethical and still followed by the Pharmaceutical companies are- giving selective or inaccurate information to the prescribers and the patients, giving poorer quality of drug information than it is given to their western counterparts, etc. in India, currently there is no legal requirement in periodic recertification or continuing medical education. So for the prescribers there is no other way but the company’s medical representatives in obtaining information about the latest developments in the field of therapeutics. Recently in India, due to public concern about these practices, there has been development of various guidelines in the area of unethical drug promotion. However, these guidelines did not impose any restrictions on prescribers. In 2009, the Medical Council of India (MCI) passed amendments on the Code of ethics which now contains strict measures against any medical practitioner who benefits from any pharmaceutical company. Thus elaborated guidelines on the appropriate relationship between the prescribers and the pharmaceutical companies are in place. Inspite of this, medical professionals continue accepting gifts and getting influenced by the unethical drug promotion. So this raises several questions on the doctor’s perspectives on what he considers to be ethical in the current drug promotion practices. Do the prescribers consider the personalized marketing tactics to be ethically acceptable despite the critical concerns regarding it? This paper will aim to understand the prescriber’s perspective of ethics in drug promotion. The aim of this paper is to study the ethics in the drug promotion activities undertaken by the pharmaceutical companies in India and to understand the doctor’s attitudes and perceptions of ethics in these activities. Till date no study has been undertaken on the ethics in drug promotion in the Indian concept. The present study attempts to address this problem. Also the study is important for two reasons. 1) Data from India on attitudes and practices of doctors regarding ethical drug promotion are virtually non-existent. 2) In view of the recent guidelines by the Medical Council of India (MCI), it is important to know the magnitude and nature of the problem amongst the doctors.

George Balanchine Essay - 6674 Words

George Balanchine If composers are the masters of time, then the choreographer George Balanchine is the master of visual realization of that time in human terms. A master in both the kinesthetic and musical frames of creativity, he did not devote his energies to music visualization by assigning a certain number of dancers to represent strings, others the brass, and still others woodwinds or percussion but by creating a visual analogy in space that restates the musical structure with the trained dancers body. He claimed that Ballet... should not be an illustrator of even...the most substantive of literary sources. It will speak for itself. The ballet is flowers, beauty, poetry...I am, if you please, an advocate of pure art.†¦show more content†¦While waiting though, an acquaintance of the family suggested it would do no harm if Georgi auditioned since he was there. He was accepted and Tamara was not. After some initial homesickness Georgi loved the school and thrived in its atmosphere. In addition to developing his kinesthetic proficiency, he had retained his musical gift and Vera Kostrovitskaya, a fellow student, said that He could never pass with indifference any musical instrument. The minute he came down to our floor of the school the sounds of a piano would be heard...Sometimes, in the evening, we would secretly climb the stairs to listen to Balanchivadze playing Liszt, Chopin or Beethoven in the boys quarters... In 1919 Balanchivadze applied to the Conservatory of Music and was accepted, but as an undernourished dancer (this was during the Bolshevik revolution and everyone was hungry, especially those involved in the arts, which were considered to be counter-revolutionary) he could not work simultaneously at the school and the conservatory, and never completed his music course. There can be little doubt that his concentration on both dance and music was the foundation of his later excellence in choreography. In 1920, at the age of 16, Balanchivadze arranged a dance for the annual school performance. He choreographed the pas de deux La Nuit to music by Anton Rubenstein (Mikhail Barishnikov claims that this ballet is stillShow MoreRelatedEssay on George Balanchine1558 Words   |  7 PagesGeorge Balanchine One of the most important and influential people in the world of ballet is George Balanchine. He became a legend long before he died. He brought the standards of dance up to a level that had never been seen before, and he created a new audience for ballet. Balanchine was one of the greatest and most prolific choreographers in ballet history, choreographing at least 300 ballets; he was rivaled in quantity only by Jules Perrot and MariusRead MoreGeorge Balanchine Essay821 Words   |  4 PagesGeorge Balanchine Ballet is one of the worlds oldest and newest forms of dance. One man that created new audiences for ballet and mastered the dance to its fullest was none other than George Balanchine. He brought the standard ballet to levels no one has ever seen before. In the world of dance, there have been many wonderful and talented choreographers but Balanchines work affected the dance world so much that he was a legend long before his death. Not only was he legendary worldwide but alsoRead MoreGeorge Balanchine s The Nutcracker1636 Words   |  7 PagesFink Professor Christopher Connelly Humanities 101 6 December 2016 George Balanchine and The Nutcracker George Balanchine himself said, â€Å"The choreographer and the dancer must remember that they reach the audience through the eye. It’s the illusion created which convinces the audience, much as it is with the work of a magician.†  ³ Balanchine could be considered just that of a magician in the way that he brought his ballets to life. George Balanchine’s The Nutcracker, could truly be described as an illustrationRead MoreGeorge Balanchine And Russian Ballet1058 Words   |  5 Pages As world has changed over the last century or so, the ballet world has been changing with it. There are many people who have helped shape that change. The changes in style were mainly influenced by George Balanchine. George Balanchine, a Russian choreographer and ballet dancer, also known as the father of American ballet, was the man who was said to have changed the style of ballet forever. Along with these changes in style came changes in visual design elements, inspirational figu res, and changesRead More Women In Ballet Essay examples1085 Words   |  5 Pagesis the Nutcracker who gives the Mouse King a mortal wound (Banes 60). Ultimately, The Nutcracker is Claras girlhood dream of love and marriage. In the Land of Sweets, Clara is finally able to be with her prince and with shining eyes adores him (Balanchine 249-253). The Nutcracker also restores the ideal that marriage for gentry women is sweet, pleasant, and fulfilling. In the metaphoric wedding feast in Act II, Clara is calm and docile watching the various antics, but not participating, which alsoRead MoreEssay on My First Semester of College1157 Words   |  5 Pagesclass if I was to take away one key element, or topic that made the biggest impact in my life it would be George Balanchine. Even though Balanchine appears in ballet no matter what time period an individual is talking about the name Balanchine can easily be connected to the topic of conversation and I think that is truly remarkable. One thing that I found truly remarkable about Balanchine was how he strived in the face of adversity. Even though he was in a sense kicked out of the Balle t RusseRead MoreBiography Of George Balanchine s The Ballet 1000 Words   |  4 Pages George Balanchine once said â€Å"The Ballet is purely a female thing; it is a woman, a garden of beautiful flowers, and man is a gardener† (Goellner and Murphy, 36) , but this ideology doesn’t apply to everyone. King Louis XIV of France wasn’t a gardener, but the beautiful flower. He started practicing ballet from a young age. The ballet was rising in the late 17th century and it had an important role both in social and political sections. Also named as the Sun king, Louis XIV had theRead MoreBallet : Women And Women1089 Words   |  5 Pages Although nowadays gender has no boundaries in the world of dance, dance has always been known for its gender significance towards women such as ballet as it is created to look graceful and according to Balanchine, â€Å"ballet was women† because the truest form of ballet was the long lines of the female body (â€Å"cite source†). Even though ballet was developed in the courts of Renaissance Italy by a man, King Louis XIV, it was actually introduced by an Italian noblewoman, Catherine de’ Medici and one ofRead MoreContemporary Ballet853 Words   |  4 Pagesand innovations of the 20th century modern dance; including floor work and turn-in and out of the legs. George Balanchine is often considerate to have been the first pioneer of the Contemporary Ballet. He used flexed hands and feet, turn-in legs, off centered positions, and non classical costumes; such as leotards, unitards, and/or tunics. One dancer who trained with Balanchine was Mekhair Baryshnikov. He was an artistic director of the American Ballet Theater. In 1980 he began workingRead MoreSearching For Nijinsky s Sacre By Millicent Hodson1611 Words   |  7 Pagesarticle’s main point. The Balanchine Woman: Of Hummingbirds and Channel Swimmers â€Å"The Balanchine Women: Of Hummingbirds and Channel Swimmers† was written by Ann Daly. Daly is an essayist who specializes in writing on women and women’s history. Many of her writings have appeared in journals such as The New York Times, Village Voice, and Texas Observer. The excerpt is a journal article from The Drama Review, which was published in 1987. In â€Å"The Balanchine Woman: Of Hummingbirds and Channel